Feature Engineering

Polynomial Features

In machine learning experiments, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables is often assumed to be linear; however, this is not always the case. Sometimes the relationship between dependent and independent variables is more complex. Creating new polynomial features sometimes might help in capturing that relationship, which otherwise may go unnoticed.

PARAMETERS

• polynomial_features: bool, default = False When set to True, new features are created based on all polynomial combinations that exist within the numeric features in a dataset to the degree defined in the polynomial_degree parameter.

• polynomial_degree: int, default = 2 Degree of polynomial features. For example, if an input sample is two dimensional and of the form [a, b], the polynomial features with degree = 2 are: [1, a, b, a^2, ab, b^2].

Example

# load dataset
from pycaret.datasets import get_data
juice = get_data('juice')

# init setup
from pycaret.classification import *
clf1 = setup(data = juice, target = 'Purchase', polynomial_features = True)

Before

Dataframe view before polynomial features

After

Dataframe view after polynomial features

Group Features

When dataset contains features that are related to each other in someway, for example: features recorded at some fixed time intervals, then new statistical features such as mean, median, variance and standard deviation for a group of such features can be created from existing features using group_features parameter.

PARAMETERS

• group_features: list or list of list, default = None When a dataset contains features that have related characteristics, the group_features param can be used for statistical feature extraction. For example, if a dataset has numeric features that are related with each other (i.e ‘Col1’, ‘Col2’, ‘Col3’), a list containing the column names can be passed under group_features to extract statistical information such as the mean, median, mode and standard deviation.

• group_names: list, default = None When group_features is passed, a name of the group can be passed into the group_names parameter as a list containing strings. The length of a group_names list must equal to the length of group_features. When the length doesn’t match or the name is not passed, new features are sequentially named such as group_1, group_2 etc.

Example

# load dataset
from pycaret.datasets import get_data
credit = get_data('credit')

# init setup
from pycaret.classification import *
clf1 = setup(data = credit, target = 'default', group_features = ['BILL_AMT1', 'BILL_AMT2', 'BILL_AMT3', 'BILL_AMT4', 'BILL_AMT5', 'BILL_AMT6'])

Before

Dataframe before group features

After

Dataframe after group features

Bin Numeric Features

Feature binning is a method of turning continuous variables into categorical values using pre-defined number of bins. It is effective when a continuous feature has too many unique values or few extreme values outside the expected range. Such extreme values influence on the trained model, thereby affecting the prediction accuracy of the model. In PyCaret, continuous numeric features can be binned into intervals using bin_numeric_features parameter. PyCaret uses the ‘sturges’ rule to determine the number of bins and uses K-Means clustering to convert continuous numeric features into categorical features.

PARAMETERS

• bin_numeric_features: list, default = None When a list of numeric features is passed they are transformed into categorical features using K-Means, where values in each bin have the same nearest center of a 1D k-means cluster. The number of clusters are determined based on the 'sturges' method. It is only optimal for gaussian data and underestimates the number of bins for large non-gaussian datasets.

Example

# load dataset
from pycaret.datasets import get_data
income = get_data('income')

# init setup
from pycaret.classification import *
clf1 = setup(data = income, target = 'income >50K', bin_numeric_features = ['age'])

Before

Dataframe view before bin numeric bin features

After

Dataframe view after numeric bin features

Combine Rare Levels

Sometimes a dataset can have a categorical feature (or multiple categorical features) that has a very high number of levels (i.e. high cardinality features). If such feature (or features) are encoded into numeric values, then the resultant matrix is a sparse matrix. This not only makes experiment slow due to manifold increment in the number of features and hence the size of the dataset, but also introduces noise in the experiment. Sparse matrix can be avoided by combining the rare levels in the feature(or features) having high cardinality. This can be achieved in PyCaret using rare_to_value parameter.

PARAMETERS

• rare_to_value: float or None, default=None

  Minimum fraction of category occurrences in a categorical column. If a category is less frequent than rare_to_value * len(X), it is replaced with the string in rare_value. Use this parameter to group rare categories before encoding the column. If None, ignores this step.

• rare_value: str, default="rare"

  Value with which to replace rare categories. Ignored when rare_to_value is None

Example

# load dataset
from pycaret.datasets import get_data
income = get_data('income')

# init setup
from pycaret.classification import *
clf1 = setup(data = income, target = 'income >50K', rare_to_value = 0.1)

Before

Dataframe view before combine rare levels

After

Dataframe view after combine rare levels

Effect of combining rare levels